Lens assembly and method of manufacture

ABSTRACT

A lens assembly comprises a spacer plate having first and second surfaces, and an array of lens barrels that each comprise a lens opening extending inward from the first surface of the spacer plate and a sensor cavity extending inward from the second surface of the spacer plate. An alignment tool comprising an array of alignment holes or prongs is used to align the lens to the orifices of the lens openings.

BACKGROUND

Embodiments of the present invention relate to an image capturing unit comprising a lens and image sensor, and their methods of manufacture.

An image capturing unit 20 comprises a lens module 24 which directs an image onto an image sensor 28, as for example shown in FIG. 1. The lens module 24 comprises a lens 30 mounted in a lens barrel 32. The image sensor 28 can be a CCD or CMOS array 36 having an image receiving surface 38 that converts an incident image, which may be light, infrared or other radiation, into an electronic signal. Typically, the image sensor 28 is enclosed in a package 40 that is fabricated by chip on board (COB), tape carrier package (TCP), chip on glass (COG) methods, or Chip Scale Packaging (CSP) either with lateral connections or Through Silicon Via (TSV). A lens holder 42 joins and aligns the lens module 24 to the image sensor 28 in the package 40. The image capturing unit 20 is used, for example, in electronic devices such as mobile phones, personal digital assistants, remote sensors, signal transmitting cameras; medical devices; and applications such as a lens for a car security system.

It is difficult to cost effectively fabricate image capturing units 20 with ever smaller sizes as it becomes increasingly difficult to properly position or align the small lenses 30 relative to the image sensors 28. For example, each lens 30 has to be at a particular height above an image sensor 28 that reflects the focal length of the lens 30. During testing of an assembled unit, the height of lens 30 can be set by adjusting the height of the lens barrel 32 inside the lens holder 42 by turning it, either by automatic or manual means. However, this step requires the thread 33 to have a high degree of accuracy which provides incremental height adjustments that can be as small as 1 micron, without causing loss of centering of the lens 30 or tilting. Also, the height adjustment step adds time and labor costs to the alignment and assembly process.

It is also often difficult to align the axis of a lens 30 to be parallel to the central axis of a lens barrel 32 during assembly of the lens module 24. Alignment of these two axes renders the axis of the lens and barrel perpendicular to the image receiving surface 38 of the image sensor 28. However, even a slight degree of misalignment will cause the image generated by a lens 30 to become unfocused. Further, during assembly of each image capturing unit 20, each lens module 24 is manually positioned and attached to an image sensor 28, and alignment issues can also arise in this positioning step.

In addition, the unit assembly, lens alignment and height positioning steps should be accomplished while retaining structural integrity of the lens module 24 and image sensor 28. It is also desirable to have a reliable assembly process which provides good alignment of the lens modules 24 to the image sensors 28 and proper height of the lens 30, and does this in a cost effective manner.

SUMMARY

A method of forming a lens module array for an image sensor array comprises a plurality of image sensors that are spaced apart by a spacing distance on a sensor substrate. The method comprises providing an alignment tool comprising an array of alignment holes that are separated from one another by the spacing distance of the image sensors. At least one lens is placed in each alignment hole of the alignment tool to form a lens filled alignment tool. A spacer plate comprises first and second surfaces, and an array of lens barrels that each comprise a lens opening extending inward from the first surface of the spacer plate, and a sensor cavity extending inward from the second surface of the spacer plate to meet the lens opening. The lens filled alignment tool is aligned onto the first surface of the spacer plate such that each lens is aligned to a lens opening of a lens barrel in the spacer plate. An outer circumference of each lens is attached to the first surface of the spacer plate. The alignment tool is then removed from the spacer plate to form a lens module array comprising a plurality of lens modules that each comprise a lens in a lens barrel of the spacer plate.

A lens module array comprises a spacer plate having first and second surfaces, and an array of lens barrels that each comprise a lens opening extending inward from the first surface of the spacer plate and a sensor cavity extending inward from the second surface of the spacer plate to meet the lens opening. At least one lens is positioned over each lens opening of the lens barrels, and the outer circumference of the lens is attached to the spacer plate.

In another aspect, a method of forming a lens module array comprises forming a spacer plate comprising first and second surfaces, and an array of lens barrels that each comprise (i) a lens opening that extends inward from a first surface of the spacer plate to end in an orifice having a circumferential edge, the lens openings separated from one another by a lens spacing distance that corresponds to the sensor spacing distance, and (ii) a sensor cavity that extends inward from a second surface of the spacer plate to meet the lens opening. An adhesive is applied to the circumferential edge of the orifice of the lens opening and a lens is placed in each orifice of each lens opening. An alignment tool comprising an array of alignment prongs that are separated from one another by the lens spacing distance is provided. The alignment prongs of the alignment tool are inserted into the lens openings of the lens barrels, wherein each alignment prong aligns a lens to an orifice of a lens opening of a lens barrel. The alignment tool is then removed from the spacer plate to form a lens module array comprising a plurality of lens modules that each comprise a lens adhered to an orifice of a lens opening of a lens barrel of the spacer plate.

A lens module array comprises a spacer plate comprising first and second surfaces, and an array of lens barrels that each comprise (i) a lens opening that extends inward from a first surface of the spacer plate to end in an orifice having a circumferential edge, the lens openings separated from one another by a lens spacing distance, and (ii) a sensor cavity that extends inward from a second surface of the spacer plate to meet the lens opening. At least one lens is provided in each lens opening of a lens barrel, each lens having an outer circumference that is adhered to a circumferential edge of an orifice of a lens opening of a lens barrel of the spacer plate with an adhesive.

An image capturing unit assembly comprises a spacer plate comprising first and second surfaces and an array of lens barrels that each comprise a lens opening extending inward from the first surface of the spacer plate, and a sensor cavity extending inward from the second surface of the spacer plate to meet the lens opening. A lens is positioned over each lens opening of the lens barrels, and an outer circumference of each lens is attached to the spacer plate. A sensor is positioned within each sensor cavity of a lens barrel to be under a lens.

DRAWINGS

These features, aspects, and advantages of the present invention will become better understood with regard to the following description, appended claims, and accompanying drawings, which illustrate examples of the invention. However, it is to be understood that each of the features can be used in the invention in general, not merely in the context of the particular drawings, and the invention includes any combination of these features, where:

FIG. 1 (PRIOR ART) is a schematic sectional side view of a conventional image capturing unit comprising a lens module attached to an image sensor;

FIG. 2A is a schematic sectional side view of an image capturing unit of an image capturing unit array, the image capturing unit comprising a lens module aligned to an image sensor;

FIG. 2B is an inset detail of a lens opening contacting a lens as shown in FIG. 2A;

FIG. 3( a) to 3(d) are schematic sectional side views that show steps in the fabrication and assembly of an image capturing unit including (a) forming a spacer plate alignment tool containing alignment holes and having lenses in each alignment hole to contact the lenses to a spacer plate, (b) removing the tool to form a spacer plate having aligned lenses, (c) forming an individual lens module units by dicing the lens module array, and (d) forming an image capturing unit comprising an image sensor aligned to a lens module;

FIG. 4( a) to 4(f) comprises perspective views that show assembly of an image capturing unit including (a) an alignment tool containing alignment holes having lenses in each alignment hole, (b) the first surface of the spacer plate showing lens openings, (c) the second surface of the spacer plate showing sensor cavities, (d) a cross-sectional view of lenses attached to the lens openings of a spacer plate, (e) placement of a saddle having saddle openings over the lenses, and (f) a completed array of image capturing units that are ready to be diced;

FIG. 5 is a flow chart of a method of fabricating a plurality of image capture units using an alignment tool containing alignment holes having lenses in each alignment hole;

FIGS. 6A to 6E are schematic sectional side views of another embodiment of an image capturing unit array and fabrication process including views of (a) a spacer plate having lens barrels with lens openings and sensor cavities, (b) adhesive being sprayed through mask openings of a mask that shields the sidewall of the lens barrel, (c) inserting a lens in each sensor cavity to contact a lens opening, (d) inserting the alignment prongs of an alignment tool into the sensor cavity to align the lenses in the lens openings, and (e) removing the alignment tool, flipping over the lens module array, and aligning each lens barrel to an image sensor of an image sensor array on a sensor substrate.

DESCRIPTION

An embodiment of an image capturing unit 50 comprises a lens module 54 that includes at least one lens 58 attached to a spacer plate 64, as shown in FIG. 2A. The spacer plate 64 can be made from a dielectric, semiconductor or conductor material, which has a sufficient mechanical strength to support a lens 58. Suitable materials include, for example, glass such as silicate or borosilicate glass; ceramic such as aluminum oxide or silicon dioxide; metal such as titanium and stainless steel; semiconductor such as silicon wafers, gallium arsenide and indium phosphide; or even polymers such as plastic or polyimide and heat-resistant plastic. In one version, the spacer plate 64 comprises glass. The spacer plate 64 can be a unitary plate or a number of separate plates that are joined to one another by an adhesive to form the spacer plate 64, as for example, described in common assigned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/925,742, entitled “Image Capturing Unit and Methods”, filed on Oct. 26, 2007, which is incorporated by reference herein and in its entirety.

Lens barrels 68 in the spacer plate 64 each comprise a lens opening 70 extending inward from a first surface 60 of the spacer plate 64, and a sensor cavity 74 that extends inward from a second surface 78 of the spacer plate 64 to meet the lens opening 70. The second surface 78 opposes the first surface 60. The lens opening 70 and sensor cavity 74 define the lens barrel 68 and have a common central axis 76. While an exemplary embodiment of a lens barrel 68 having a cylindrical axis of symmetry, such as the axis 76, is described herein to illustrate the present structures and processes, it should be understood that other lens barrel 68 configurations can also be used. For example, the lens barrel 68 can also be shaped to surround lens openings 70 or sensor cavities 74 that are rectangular, spherical, or even conical.

In one version, the lens opening 70 is formed to have a sidewall 80 having a complex multistep profile. The sidewall 80 is fabricated with a smooth internal surface for holding one or more lenses 58. The portion of the lens opening 70 that is in contact with a lens 58 is also coated with an opaque coating which is opaque to light. A section of the sidewall 80 (which may be a first step 84 of the sidewall 80) matches an outer contour of a lens 58 to allow self-alignment of a lens 58 that is placed into the lens barrel 68.

A suitable profile shape for the first step 84 comprises a curved or conical shape having a radius of curvature which fits the shape determined by the desired optical properties of the lens 58, as shown, for example, in FIG. 2A. The curvature can be generated by molding the lens opening 70 to have the desired shape of the sidewall 80 when the spacer plate 64 is made from a polymeric material, such as plastic; or by mechanical or ultrasonic etching when the spacer plate 64 is made from glass.

In one embodiment, the lens opening 70 further comprises a lower section 86 comprising a flange 87 to support a lens 58. In one version, the flange 87 is a conical flange and comprises an inclined surface that is inclined at an angle such that the light ray at maximum angle of light passing through the lens 58 does not touch the sidewall 80 of the lens opening 70. For example, a suitable conical flange can be sloped at an angle relative to the central axis 76 of the lens barrel 68. The conical flange gradually tapers outward (or inward), creating an internal profile contour having at least two consecutive diameters with a first portion having a first diameter and a second portion having a second diameter that is larger than the first diameter, or vice versa. In one version, the conical flange comprises a slope of from about 0 to about 30 degrees.

Another embodiment of an image capturing unit 50 comprises a spacer plate 64 having a first surface 60 and a second surface 78 and an array of lens barrels 68 a,b, as shown in FIG. 6A-6D. Each lens barrel 68 a,b comprises a lens opening 70 a,b that extends inward from the first surface 60 of the spacer plate 64 and comprises a complex multi-step profile. In the version shown in FIG. 6A, the lens openings 70 a,b each comprise first steps 84 a,b and flanges 87 a,b. When lenses 58 a,b are inserted into the sensor cavities 74 a,b, respectively, they each contact a sidewall 83 a,b of the first steps 84 a,b and rest on a support surfaces 88 a,b of the flanges 87 a,b. The sidewalls 83 a,b each define a radially inner surface that can be a cylindrical, curved or conical shape. The radially inner surface can also be shaped to match or fit the outer perimeters of lenses 58 a,b.

The sidewalls 83 a,b of the first steps 84 a,b each terminate at a support surface 88 a,b of each flange 87 a,b, and these surfaces 88 a,b can be shaped to receive the lenses 58 a,b and act as alignment guides for positioning the lenses 58 a,b in the lens openings 70 a,b. The flanges 87 a,b can each further comprise a radius of curvature which fits the shape determined by the desired optical properties of the lenses 58 a,b. In the version of FIG. 6A, the flanges 87 a,b of the lens openings 70 a,b each terminate in an orifice 182 a,b having circumferential edges 184 a,b, respectively. The circumferential edges 184 a,b can each comprise sloped flanges having an angle of inclination of from about 2 to about 30 degrees.

As shown in FIG. 6B, the lower sidewalls 80 a,b of the lens openings 70 a,b can each comprise a conical portion 73 a,b having an angle of inclination of from about 2 to about 45 degrees. The conical portions 73 a,b can be angles to extend outward from each orifice 182 a,b. The conical portions 73 a,b can comprise an angle of inclination that is selected in relation to the properties of the lenses 58 a,b, the size of the sensor (not shown), the spacing between the lenses 58 a,b and the sensor, or combinations thereof. For example, the angle of inclination of the conical portions 73 a,b of the sidewalls 80 a,b can be selected such that a light ray that is incident on the lenses 58 a,b at the angle of inclination will be bent by the lenses 58 a,b sufficiently far to fall on the sensor. In some lens configurations, the conical portions 73 a,b of the sidewalls 80 a,b can even allow the light collected by the lenses 58 a,b to be collected from a wider solid angle as compared to a cylindrical sidewall.

A spacer plate 64 with a plurality of lens barrels 68 a,b, versions of which are shown in FIGS. 4C, 4D and 6A, can be formed by a number of different methods. A mechanical or laser drill can be used to drill the through holes through the spacer plate 64. A suitable laser comprises a CO₂ or pulsed laser, such as Nd:YAG laser or excimer laser. The spacer plate 64 can also be fabricated by wet or dry etching the spacer plate 64 (or plates) to form the through holes. For example, a suitable wet etching process for etching the lens barrels 68 comprises masking each spacer plate 64 with a specific mask pattern, and dipping the spacer plate 64 in an acidic etchant, such as a dilute solution of HF. Lithography electroforming micro-molding (LIGA) is used to form the lens barrel 68 as would be apparent to one of ordinary skill in the art. When the spacer plate 64 is made of glass, the lens barrels 68 a,b can also be made by etching the glass by sandblasting through a metal mask that has apertures corresponding to the diameters of the lens opening 70 and sensor cavity 74. Instead of sandblasting, ultrasonic etching can also be used.

In one method, the lens opening 70 and sensor cavities 74 are formed by drilling or etching the spacer plate 64 separately from both the first surface 60 and second surface 78 to predefined depths that correspond to the depths of the lens opening 70 or sensor cavity 74, respectively. For example, a plurality of lens openings 70 can be drilled from the first surface 60 to a first diameter and first depth. Thereafter, a plurality of sensor cavities 74 are drilled from the second surface 78 to a second diameter and second depth. Typically, the second diameter is larger than the first diameter, so that the circumference of the sensor cavity 74 extends radially beyond the circumference of the lens opening 70. The first diameter depends on the selected diameter of a lens 58 that is positioned in the lens openings 70. In one example, the second diameter is larger than the first diameter by at least about 10%, or even by about 30%. For example, the first diameter can be from about 0.5 mm to about 2.7 mm, and the second diameter can be from about 0.6 mm to about 3.0 mm. These different diameters reduce the lens opening to the minimum necessary for the light to reach the image sensor 130, and thus, provide better mechanical strength for the spacer plate 64.

After the lens barrels 68 a,b are completed, an antireflective coating 90 can be deposited or formed on the sidewall 80 of each lens barrel 68. A suitable antireflective coating 90 comprises a layer—or a stack of layers—of light-refractive material. The antireflective coating 90 can be applied by vapor deposition, or by spray painting, sputtering, or oxidation of the surface of the material. The antireflective coating 90 can be formed to a thickness of at least about 50 microns, or even a thickness of from about 1 micron to about 100 microns.

In one method of assembling the lenses 58 a,b onto the lens openings 70 a,b of the lens barrels 68 a,b of the spacer plate 64, as shown in FIG. 3A to 3D and FIG. 4A, uses an alignment tool 100 comprising an array of alignment holes 102 a,b that are spaced apart from one another by a distance that corresponds to, or is the same as, the spacing distance “d” between image sensors 130 a,b of an image sensor array 150 on a sensor substrate 134 (as shown in FIG. 4E). The array of alignment holes 102 a,b of the alignment tool 100 is aligned to and positioned over the lens openings 70 a,b to allow placement and alignment of lenses 58 a,b into the lens openings 70 a,b, respectively. An exemplary set of operations is described in the flow chart of FIG. 5. In this process, at least one lens 58 a,b is provided or placed in each alignment hole 102 a,b of the alignment tool 100 to form a lens-filled alignment tool covering the lens openings 70 a,b of the spacer plate 64, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 4A. The lens-filled alignment tool is aligned onto the first surface 60 of the spacer plate 64 such that each lens 58 a,b is aligned to a corresponding lens opening 70 a,b of a lens barrel 68 a,b in the spacer plate 64. In this manner, at least one lens 58 a,b is positioned over each lens opening 70 a,b in a lens barrel 68 a,b. In one version, the alignment tool 100 is made from a metal, such as aluminum, in a thickness of from about 150 to about 1000 microns.

The lenses 58 can be made of a transparent material, such as glass, polymer, or other materials. The focal length of the lens 58 and the opening size of the lens opening 70 combine to affect lens performance. The ratio between the focal length and the diameter of the lens opening 70 is called the aperture number. A suitable range of aperture number is from about 1.4 to about 3.2. For such aperture numbers, the lens 58 can have a focal length of from about 1 mm to about 5 mm. In one method, the lenses 58 are made of glass, which is molded into a suitable shape. The glass lenses 58 are typically more stable at high temperature environments than plastic lenses 58. Also, when the lenses 58 and spacer plate 64 are both made from glass, they provide a better thermal expansion match. The lenses 58 are typically made from high purity glass, but can also be made from other optical materials, such as epoxy or polycarbonate.

Each lens 58 can also have an infrared reflective coating 108 on a top surface 110 to reflect and/or attenuate infrared radiation from passing through the lens 58, as shown in FIG. 2A. Typically, the infrared reflective coating 108 is provided on the top surface 110 of the lens 58, as shown, but can also be formed on the bottom surface 112. A suitable infrared reflective coating 108 comprises a plurality of metal oxide layers that form an interferometric filter. Conventional infrared reflective coatings 108 can be used.

An antireflective coating 114 can also be formed on a second surface of each lens 58 which faces the image sensor 130. The antireflective coating 114 is provided on the bottom surface of the lens 58 to prevent back reflections from the image sensor 130. This is desirable to reduce the reflection of parasitic light from surrounding surfaces, which in turn can cause ghosts and flares to occur on the image plane of the image sensor 130. A conventional antireflective coating 114 comprises successive layers of metal oxide that form an interference filter, which filters light reflected onto it. In another version, the antireflective coating 114 comprises successive layers of transparent material with different refractive indices which provide a change from the refractive index of air to the refractive index of the lens 58.

The lenses 58 a,b are attached at their outer circumferences 120 a,b to the spacer plate 64, as shown in FIGS. 3A and 4D. The outer circumference 120 a,b of each lens 58 a,b extends beyond a diameter of the lens opening 70 a,b at the first surface 60 of the spacer plate 64 to provide a suitable attachment region at which the lenses 58 a,b are attached. The lenses 58 a,b can be attached with an adhesive 131, such as an epoxy glue or cyanoacrylate glue. The adhesive 131 can also include an opaque filler such as carbon powder. The alignment tool 100 remains in place until the adhesive 131 has set and has the necessary mechanical strength to hold the lenses 58 a,b in position. The adhesive 131 can be sprayed onto the surface of the spacer plate 64 before the lenses 58 a,b are inserted into the lens openings 70 a,b to further facilitate assembly.

After the outer circumferences 120 a,b of the lenses 58 a,b are attached to the first surface 60 of the spacer plate 64, the alignment tool 100 is removed from the spacer plate 64 to form a lens module array 65 comprising an array of lens modules 54 a,b that are spaced apart from one another in a periodic relationship and each comprise a lens 58 a,b adhered to the spacer plate 64. The spacing between the lens modules 54 a,b matches the spacing distance or period of image sensors 130 a,b of an image sensor array 150, as shown in FIGS. 3B and 4E. The spacer plate 64 with its lens modules 54 a,b can then be cut along the axes 125 a,b as shown in FIG. 3B to form individual lens modules 54 a,b, as shown in FIG. 3C.

In another version, the spacer plate 64 with each of its lens modules 54 a,b, as shown in FIG. 4D, is directly aligned to an image sensor array 150 such that each lens module 54 a,b is aligned to an image sensor 130 a,b on the sensor substrate 134 to form the structure shown in FIG. 4E. The image sensor array 150 comprises a plurality of image sensors 130 a,b which are spaced apart by a spacing distance “d” from one another and arranged in a periodic arrangement. Each image sensor 130 a,b comprises an image receiving surface 138 a,b which receives radiation from an external image on the image receiving surface 138 and converts the received image to an electrical signal trace for further processing. The image receiving surface 138 of the image sensor 130 is aligned directly underneath a lens 58 such that the image sensor 130 is contained within the sensor cavity 74 as shown in FIGS. 2A and 3D. The sensor substrate 134 can be a printed circuit board or a semiconductor wafer, such as a silicon wafer or compound semiconductor, such as gallium arsenide. Typically, the image sensor 130 is enclosed in a package (not shown) and can be fabricated by conventional chip on board (COB), tape carrier package (TCP), chip on glass (COG), or chip scale package (CSP) methods, either with lateral connections or realized in a Through Silicon Via (TSV) technology.

This alignment process, in which the lens module array 65 is aligned to the corresponding image sensor array 150, provides a more efficient manufacturing process than assembling single image capturing units 50 from single lens modules 54 and image sensors 130. The resultant assembly, shown in FIGS. 4E and 4F, can be cut or diced to form individual image capturing units 50 a,b. Suitable cutting processes include mechanical cutting, laser cutting or electrical discharge machining.

Referring to FIG. 4F, before or after joining the lens module array 65 to the image sensor array 150, a saddle 170, made from an opaque material and having an array of saddle openings 174 a,b that are each sized to fit around a lens 58 a,b, is placed on the spacer plate 64 and positioned over the lenses 58 a,b (as shown in FIG. 4E) and attached with an adhesive. The saddle 170 serves to support the lens modules 54 a,b during separation of the lens modules 54 a,b from the spacer plate 64. The saddle openings 174 a,b are each aligned with a lens 58 a,b of the spacer plate 64. The resultant structure forms a plurality of individual image capturing units 50 a,b. The sidewalls of the saddle 170 can also have an antireflective coating as described above. The saddle 170 can be made from a polymer.

Each saddle opening 174 a,b can also contain a lens cover plate 180 a,b, respectively, to protect the underlying lenses 58 a,b, as shown in FIG. 2A and FIG. 4E. The lens cover plate 180 a,b is substantially permeable to radiation, such as optical wavelengths of light, or other types of radiation. For example, the lens cover plates 180 a,b can allow at least 90% of normally incident light to pass through. In one version, the lens cover plates 180 a,b reduce moisture or dust contamination of the lenses 58 a,b. The lens cover plates 180 a,b can be a plate of light-permeable material, for example, glass or plastic. The lens cover plates 180 a,b can also serve as a radiation filter, such as an infrared filter, which absorbs at least about 30% of radiation having wavelengths in the infrared range.

The image capturing unit 50 formed by a lens module 54 containing one or more lenses 58 and an image sensor 130 on a sensor substrate 134, which are aligned to have a common axis, can be used in a variety of different devices.

Another embodiment of a process of fabricating an image capturing unit 50 is shown in FIGS. 6A to 6D. An adhesive 131 is applied to support surfaces 88 a,b of flanges 87 a,b of the lens openings 70 a,b to adhere the lenses 58 a,b which are placed in contact with the support surfaces 88 a,b of the flange 87 a,b, respectively. In one method of applying the adhesive 131, a mask 190 is placed on the second surface 78 of the spacer plate 64 to mask the sidewalls 80 a,b of the sensor cavities 74 a,b as shown in FIG. 6B. The mask 190 has holes 192 a,b which are arranged in a periodic relationship that corresponds to the lens spacing of the lens openings 70 a,b. A suitable mask 190 can be made from aluminum. Thereafter, an adhesive 198 is sprayed through the mask holes 192 a,b of the mask 190 to form the adhesive coating 131 on the support surfaces 88 a,b of the flanges 87 a,b and on the circumferential edges 184 a,b of the orifices 182 a,b. When the adhesive 198 is sprayed through the mask holes 192 a,b, it falls upon and coats the support surfaces 88 a,b and circumferential edges 184 a,b to selectively apply the adhesive only at these regions. Thereafter, at least one lens 58 a,b is inserted in each sensor cavity 74 a,b, as shown in FIG. 6C, so that an outer circumference 120 a,b of the lens 58 a,b rests on the adhesive 131 in this region.

An alignment tool 200 is then used to align the lenses 58 a,b in the orifices 182 a,b. The alignment tool 200 comprises alignment prongs 202 a,b which are inserted into the sensor cavities 74 a,b as shown in FIG. 6D. The alignment prongs 202 a,b of the lens module array 65 are separated from one another by the lens spacing distance. Each alignment prong 202 a,b aligns a lens 58 a,b to an orifice 182 a,b. The alignment tool 200 can be made from a metal and, in one version, can have from about 100 to about 5000 prongs. The alignment prongs 202 a,b are shaped and sized to align the lenses 58 a,b to the orifices 182 a,b. The length of the alignment prongs 202 a,b corresponds to the distance between an apex 206 a,b of the lenses 58 a,b and the second surface 78 of the spacer plate 64 to set the distance between the surface 78 and the apexes 206 a,b of the lenses 58 a,b to the proper length. In one version, each of the prongs 202 a,b comprises a length of from about 0.5 to about 5 mm.

The alignment tool 200 is then removed from the spacer plate 64 to form a lens module array 65 comprising lens modules 54 a,b that each comprise a lens 58 a,b adhered to orifices 182 a,b of a lens opening 70 a,b of a lens barrel 68 a,b of the spacer plate 64. The lens module array 65 is flipped over and each lens module 54 a,b is aligned to an image sensor 130 a,b of an image sensor array 150 on a sensor substrate 134 as shown in FIG. 6E. Each lens 58 a,b can also have an infrared reflective coating 108 and an antireflective coating 114, as previously described. The resultant assembly can be diced to form individual image capturing units 50 a,b. Suitable cutting processes include mechanical cutting, laser cutting or electrical discharge machining.

While illustrative embodiments of the spacer plate 64, lens barrel 68 and image capturing unit 50 are described in the present application, it should be understood that other embodiments are also possible. For example, other designs for the lens barrel 68 and spacer plate 64 can be used. Also, the lens module 54 can be packaged with other types of image capturing modules, depending on the application. Thus, the scope of the claims should not be limited to the illustrative embodiments described herein. 

1. A method of forming a lens module array for an image sensor array comprising a plurality of image sensors on a sensor substrate, the image sensor being spaced apart by a spacing distance, the method comprising: (a) providing an alignment tool comprising an array of alignment holes that are separated from one another by the spacing distance of the image sensors; (b) placing at least one lens in each alignment hole of the alignment tool to form a lens filled alignment tool, each lens having an outer circumference; (c) providing a spacer plate comprising: (i) first and second surfaces, and (ii) an array of lens barrels that each comprise a lens opening extending inward from the first surface of the spacer plate, and a sensor cavity extending inward from the second surface of the spacer plate to meet the lens opening; (d) aligning the lens filled alignment tool onto the first surface of the spacer plate such that each lens is aligned to a lens opening of a lens barrel in the spacer plate; (e) attaching the outer circumferences of the lenses to the first surface of the spacer plate; and (f) removing the alignment tool from the spacer plate to form a lens module array comprising a plurality of lens modules that each comprise a lens in a lens barrel of the spacer plate.
 2. A method according to claim 1 wherein (a) comprises forming the alignment tool from metal.
 3. A method according to claim 2 comprising forming the alignment tool in a thickness of from about 150 to about 1000 microns.
 4. A method according to claim 1 wherein each lens comprises first and second surfaces, and wherein (b) comprises depositing an infrared reflective coating on the first surface of each lens.
 5. A method according to claim 4 wherein (b) comprises depositing an antireflective coating on the second surface of each lens.
 6. A method according to claim 1 wherein (c) comprises forming each lens opening to allow self-alignment of a lens when the lens is inserted into the lens opening.
 7. A method according to claim 1 wherein (c) comprises forming the lens barrels such that each lens opening has a conical flange with an angle that is selected so that a light ray at a maximum angle of light passing through the lens does not touch the sidewall of the lens opening.
 8. A method according to claim 1 wherein (c) comprises forming the lens barrels such that each lens opening comprises a conical flange that is sloped at an angle relative to a central vertical axis of the lens of from about 0 degrees to about 30 degrees.
 9. A method according to claim 1 wherein (c) comprises forming the spacer plate from glass.
 10. A method according to claim 9 further comprising forming each lens from glass.
 11. A method according to claim 1 wherein (e) comprises attaching the lenses to the first surface of the spacer plate with an adhesive.
 12. A method according to claim 1 wherein the outer circumference of each lens extends beyond a diameter of a lens opening to provide an attachment region, and wherein (e) comprises attaching the lenses to the first surface of the spacer plate at the attachment regions.
 13. A method according to claim 1 further comprising aligning the lens module array to an image sensor array comprising a plurality of image sensors that each fit within a sensor cavity of a lens barrel of the spacer plate to be positioned under a lens.
 14. A method according to claim 1 further comprising providing a saddle comprising an array of saddle openings that are each sized to fit around a lens, and aligning the saddle openings over the lenses of the lens module array.
 15. A method according to claim 14 further comprising providing a lens cover plate to protect each lens in each saddle opening of the saddle.
 16. A method according to claim 1 further comprising coating the lens opening of the spacer plate in contact with the lens with an opaque coating.
 17. A method of forming a lens module array for an image sensor array comprising a plurality of image sensors on a sensor substrate, the image sensor being spaced apart by a spacing distance, the method comprising: (a) forming a spacer plate comprising first and second surfaces, and an array of lens barrels that each comprise (i) a lens opening that extends inward from the first surface of the spacer plate to end in an orifice having a circumferential edge, the lens openings being separated from one another by a lens spacing distance that corresponds to an image sensor spacing distance, and (ii) a sensor cavity that extends inward from a second surface of the spacer plate to meet the lens opening; (b) applying an adhesive to the circumferential edge of each orifice of the lens openings; (c) placing a lens in each orifice of each lens opening; (d) providing an alignment tool comprising an array of alignment prongs that are separated from one another by the lens spacing distance; (e) inserting the alignment prongs of the alignment tool into the lens openings of the lens barrels in the spacer plate, wherein each alignment prong aligns a lens to an orifice of a lens opening of a lens barrel; and (f) removing the alignment tool from the spacer plate to form a lens module array comprising a plurality of lens modules that each comprises a lens adhered to an orifice of a lens opening of a lens barrel of the spacer plate.
 18. A method according to claim 17 wherein (b) comprises: (i) placing a mask on the first surface of the spacer plate, the mask having holes that are arranged in a periodic relationship that corresponds to the spacing of the lens openings, and (ii) spraying an adhesive through the holes of the mask to form an adhesive coating on the circumferential edges of the orifices.
 19. A method according to claim 17 comprising forming lens openings that each comprise a circumferential edge that is a sloped flange.
 20. A method according to claim 19 wherein the sloped flange comprises an angle of inclination of from about 2 to about 30 degrees.
 21. A method according to claim 17 wherein (d) comprises forming an alignment tool comprising metal.
 22. A method according to claim 21 comprising forming an alignment tool having from about 100 to about 5000 prongs.
 23. A method according to claim 22 wherein the prongs comprise a length of from about 0.5 to about 5 mm.
 24. A method according to claim 17 comprising depositing an infrared reflective coating on a first surface of each lens.
 25. A method according to claim 24 comprising depositing an antireflective coating on a second surface of each lens.
 26. A method according to claim 17 wherein (a) comprises forming the spacer plate and lenses from glass. 